INTRODUCTION TO Firm Profile

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5/2/2018

MINNESOTA STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS ASSOCIATION PRESENATION

BEYOND TENTS FABRIC STRUCTURES FOR BUILDINGS

2018.05.08 J. DAVID BOWICK, P.ENG. BLACKWELL

INTRODUCTION TO

Firm Profile 

Structural Engineering consultants

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Founded in 1987 by Walter Blackwell

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Now a partnership of 6 principals, with over 50 employees in four offices: Toronto, Waterloo, Victoria, and Halifax Wide range of projects including: university facilities, offices, retail buildings, medical centres, recreational and visitor centres, schools, libraries and religious institutions, custom homes, bridges, multi-residential and industrial buildings, sculptures, and pavillions LEED accredited engineers with many notable LEED projects

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Philosophy 

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Committed to finding the most appropriate design solution for each project’s unique requirements, be they based on economical concerns, sustainability goals, or cultural context and mission. Make our clients’ objectives our own. Our goal is to act with integrity to deliver quality and add value. On every job, we strive to understand the precedents, refine as appropriate and innovate when necessary. No matter the problem we’re solving, we give it our undivided attention. We see every project as an opportunity. Guiding principles: Do Great Work Use Good Judgment Enable Others

PROJECTS

Goldring Varsity Centre

Patkau Architects & MacLennan Jaunkalns Miller Architects

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Thomas L. Wells Public School

Baird Sampson Neuert Architects

CIGI Campus

KPMB Architects

Scarborough Civic Central Library

LGA Architectural Partners

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Peace Bridge, Fort Erie

NORR Limited

Iroquioan Longhouse

BrookMcIlroy

Tannery Park, Oakville

Figureground Studio Inc.

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Wong Tai Sin Temple

Shim Sutcliffe Architects

Google Waterloo Offices

Robertson Simmons Architects inc. & B+H Architects

Moorelands Dining Hall

Shim Sutcliffe Architects

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Cerdarvale Ravine House

Drew Mandel Architect

William Hawrelak Park

Lightweight Manufacturing Inc.

BC Place Stadium

Studio Phillips Barratt & Stantec Architects

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PanAm Celebration Zone

Hariri Pontarini Architects

Haiti Schools

Blackwell Halsall Associates Quinn Dressel Associates Read Jones Christoffersen

FABRIC TENSILE STRUCTURES

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BRIEF HISTORY

Valerium, Roman Coliseum 70 A.D.

Leonardo DaVinci (1452-1519) - Air Ship

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Traditional Circus Tent First known use 1770 Common use in Europe beginning 1830s Common use in North America beginning 1867

Godfrey Rhodes Field Hospital Tent, 1858

Shukhov Rotunda, 1896

Vladimir Shukhov

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F. W. Lanchester Air Tent 1919

Radome, 1946

Walter Bird & Cornell Aeronautical Lab

J.S. Dorton Arena, 1952

William Deitrick & Matthew Nowicki

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1957 Frei Otto establishes Center for Lightweight Construction (later Institute for Lightweight Structures)

Other Milestones • 1872 Stromeyer and Company Established for the manufacture of circus tents • 1950’s development of teflon coated fiberglass by John Cook at Chemfab (with guidance from Walter Bird) • 1960’s introduction of non-linear finite element analysis • 1957 Frei Otto established Center for Lightweight Construction (later Institute for Lightweight Structures) • 1960’s Donato Fraioli of Air Structures American Technologies pioneers air supported structures for commercial/recreational use • 1970’s and 1980’s world recession and some notable failures and deflations cools the market for fabric structures

CONCEPTS

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Synclastic

Anticlastic

Synclastic

Anticlastic

Closed Contours

Open Contours

Curvature

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Weave vs. Knit

Weaving in Antiquity

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Woven fabrics

Fabric Types PVC PTFE ETFE ePTFE SiPE HDPE

PVC • • • • • • •

Vinyl Coated Polyester Economical Translucent Fire resistant Flexible Colour 15 Years

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PTFE • • • • • •

Teflon Coated Glass Fiber Non-combustible High Light Transmission Long Life (25+ years) White Self Cleaning

ETFE • • • •

Foil Low Strength and Stiffness Very High Light Transmission Combustible, Fire Safe

ePTFE • Teflon Coated, Teflon Fiber • Very Flexible • Non-Combustible

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SiPE • • • •

Silicon Coated Fiberglass Flexible Recyclable Fire Resistant

HDPE • • • •

Shade Cloth Economical Colour Not Waterproof

Polyethylene

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Frei Otto – Soap Film Experiments

Study Models

Shaping

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Shaping

Analysis

Analysis

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Analysis

Simple Hypar

Petal Hypar

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Carousel Hypar

Manta Ray Hypar

Kite Hypar

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Cahow Hypar

Bermudiana Hypar

Umbrella Cone

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Inverted Umbrella Cone

Patterning

Patterning

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Patterning

Fabrication

Radio Frequency (RF) Welding for PVC

Fabrication

Heat Welding for PTFE and ETFE

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Fabrication

Sewing for HDPE (shade cloth)

Fabrication

Silicone Adhesive Tape for Silicone Coated Fiberglass

Details

Lap

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Details

Ridge

Details

Valley

Details

Cable Pocket

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Details

Membrane Plate

Details

Corner Membrane Plate

Details

Clamped Edge

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Details

Gathering Plate

Details

Bale Ring

Details

Keder Extrusion

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Details

Keder Extrusion

Details

Keder Extrusion

Details

Cone Peak

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Details

Cone Peak

Details

Cone Peak

Details

Hopper

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Details

Spout

Details

Cable Fittings

Details

Spelter Socket

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Details

Rain Diverter

Light Condition

Available Light (Lux)

Transmission Coverage

Interior Light (Lux)

Direct Sun

100,000

15%

80%

12,000

Clear Day

10,000

15%

80%

1,200

Overcast

1,000

15%

80%

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Average Required Levels (Lux) Circulation 50-200 Office 200-500 Studio 1000

Max VonBarnholt Krag, VBK Lighting

Water

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Fire

Fire ASTM E84 – Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials ASTM E108 – Tire Tests of Roof Coverings NFPA 701 – Fire Tests for Flame Resistant Textiles and Films ASTM E136 - Behavior of Materials in Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 Degrees Celcius CAN/ULC-S114 – Test for Determination of Non-Combustibility in Building Materials CAN/ULC-S102 - Standard Method of Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials and Assemblies BS 476-6:1989+A1:2009. Fire tests on building materials and structures. Method of test for fire propagation for products BS 476-7:1997. Fire tests on building materials and structures. Method of test to determine the classification of the surface spread of flame of products DIN 4102 1 fi

t

t t b ildi

t i l

FLAME SPREAD

NON-COMBUSTIBILITY

ASTM E84 – Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials (Flame Spread)

NFPA 701 – Fire Tests for Flame Resistant Textiles and Films (Combustibility)

CAN/ULC-S102 - Standard Method of Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials and Assemblies

PVC, Teflon (<25)

CAN/ULC-S114 – Test for Determination of NonCombustibility in Building Materials

PTFE

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Acoustics

Reflective Absorptive

Codes

Thermal

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Applicable Codes National Building Code of Canada Provincial Building Codes (OBC, CCQ...)

Referenced Standards CSA S367 ‐ Air, Cable, and Frame‐ Supported Membrane Structures 

Professional Liability Standard of Care “...that level or quality of service ordinarily  provided by other normally competent  practitioners of good standing in that field,  contemporaneously providing similar  services in the same locality and under the  same circumstances”  (Paxton v. County of Alameda (1953)

Other Non-referenced Standards

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MINIMUM LOADING FOR TEMPORARY STRUCTURES ANSI E1.21-2013 CLAUSE 3.5.2.3-5 115 mph

NOTES Wind: 0.75 factor wind speed reduction up to 90 mph or while using ASCE 7-10

3.5.3.4 Stability: 1.5 factor for overturning and sliding forces3.5.4.1Live: greater of 5 psf min or 300 lb total 3.5.4.3 prevent

Snow: min 10 psf where snow can be removed to accumulation

A.3.5.2 area and

Wind: trusses not clad shall use 50% project tributary clad elements to be 100%

A.3.5.2 for

Wind: pressures may be reduced to by a factor of 0.56 structures in use < 6 weeks

Contracts

A.3.5.2 Wind: two cases to be considered. Max gust speed greater than 40 mph and where mitigation techniques may be applied within 5 minutes to alter the structure to withstand the lesser of the reduced standard location wind speed or 90 mph (or 115 while using ASCE 7-10).

Design-Build Design-Bid-Build Design Assist

BLACKWELL TENSILE PROJECTS

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Rosebud Veterans Commital Shelter

Wyss Associates & Fabricon & Blackwell

Kenora Waterfront Pavillion

Hilderman Thomas Frank Cram & Tensile Integrity & Blackwell

King Edward Memorial Hospital, Bermuda

Tensile Integrity & Blackwell

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St. Louis Park Arena, City of St. Louis Park, MN

RSP Architects

Bronte Park Pavillion

EDA Collaborative Inc. & Tensile Integrity & Blackwell

Pierson Park Band Shell

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St. Louis Zoo Sea Lion Sound Amphitheatre  (Tensile Integrity, Blackwell)

Tata Steel Arch, Shefferville 2013 (Blackwell)

Mosaic Stadium, Regina, SK, 2017

HKS Architects

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OTHER FABRIC STRUCTURES

German Pavillion, Expo 67 Montréal

Frei Otto

Munich Olympic Park, 1972

Frei Otto

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Tanzbrunnen Tent, Cologne, Germany, 2001

SL-RASCH

Ingalls Hockey Rink, Yale Univerisity, 1972

Eero Saarinen

Olympic Stadium, Monréal, 1976

Robert Taillibert

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Atlanta Falcons Georgia Dome, 1992

Heery International & Rosser FABRAP International & Thompson, Ventulett, Stainback and Associates

Atlanta Falcons Georgia Dome, 1992

Compression Struts Tension Cables

Heery International & Rosser FABRAP International & Thompson, Ventulett, Stainback and Associates

Calgary Saddledome, 1983

Graham McCourt Architects

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BC Place Stadium, Vancouver Original ‐ Studio Phillips Barratt, Ltd Geiger Berger Engineers Renovation – Stantec, Geiger and Schlaich Bergermann Engineers

ASU SkySong Innovation Center, Scottsdale, AZ

FLT Design

Shatyr Khan Entertainment Centre, Astana, Kazakhstan

Foster + Partners

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On Inflatables

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Prestress

Flying Buttress Notre Dame de Reims Villard de Honnecourt

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Inflatable Stresses L A

L = r/2 A = r 1/r1+ 2/r2 =  Stress)

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(Longitudinal Stress) (Annular Stress) (General 2-way

Inflatable Stresses

Inflatable Stresses 

 = 1.5 psi

pssssshhhhh 

 = 5 psi

boom

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Inflation Pressure 1.5 psi 100 psi

35 psi

0.03 psi (5 psf)

800Ø Tube, 28 kPa Inflation Pressure, 180mm long slit

Where does strength come from?

Material

Section

Form

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Proportion

Section

=L/10

Details

Welded joint reinforced with stitching

Peel

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Seams 4 Layers Thick

Types of Structures

Compound Curvature

Air Beam (Inflatable) Air Supported Cellular (Frame Supported)

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Cellular

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Eden Project (Grimshaw)

Shatyr Khan Entertainment Centre Foster and Partners

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Canada’s Diversity Gardens

Air Inflated

Assiniboine Park, Winnipeg KPMB, Architecture49, Blackwell

Air Inflated (Air Beam) Structure 

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Ontario Celebration Zone (HPA)

"Tensairity"

Air Supported

Kongsberg's Tubaloon Band Stand – Snohetta, Mauro Pedretti (engineer)

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The Farley Group

DUOL

BC Place Stadium (Original)

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CASE STUDY: CANADA’S DIVERSITY GARDENS AT ASSINIBOINE PARK

KPMB & Architecture 49

KPMB & Architecture 49

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Site Plan

HTFC Planning and Design

Building Program

~6,000 SQ. FT.

Design Team • • • • • • •

KPMB & Architecture49 (Architects) HTFC Planning & Design (Landscape Architect) Blackwell (Structural) Transsolar (Energy & Climate) Vector Foiltec (ETFE Systems) Integral Group (Mechanical) Lord Cultural Resources (Interpretation and Visitor Experience) • Soberman Engineering (Vertical Transportation) • LRI Engineering (Code) • Altus (Quantity Surveyor)

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Structure

Roof Form • Long Spans • Transparent • Column-free

Early Model

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Final Model

ETFE

Cable Net

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Cable Net

Radial Cables

Cable Net

Negative Spiral Cables

Cable Net

Positive Spiral Cables

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Global Analysis Model

Cable Forces

Deflections (Wind + Snow)

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Details

Details

Details

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Diagrid Core

Details

Cast Connex

Construction Progress

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CASE STUDY: PROJET STE CATHERINE OUEST

Projet Sainte Catherine Ouest – Kanva, Blackwell

Modelling

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Prestress

5.6 kPa

 = 800 mm i = 28 kPa (4 psi) a = (0.4 m)(28 kPa) = 11.2 kPa l = (0.4 m)(28 kPa)/2 = 5.6 kPa

Load Response - Snow

Load Response - Wind

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Fabric Strength

560 daN/5cm = 112 kN/m FOS = 112 kN/m / 11.2 kN/m = 10 (annular prestress) FOS = 112 kN/m / 16 kN/m

Detail Studies

Detail Studies

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Detail Studies

Detail Studies

Detail Studies

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Assembly

Assembly Details

Assembly Details

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Assembly Details

QUESTIONS?

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