NEW BOOKS

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NEW The Electron Microscope, the Present State of the Art. M. E. Haine and V. E. Cosslett. xvi + 282 pages. Interscience Publishers, Inc., 250 Fifth Ave., New York Ι,Ν. Υ. 1961. $9.25. Reviewed by T. G. Rochotv, Central Research Division, American Cyanamid Co., Stamford, Conn. The author is Director of the As­ sociated Electrical Industries Research Laboratory, Harlow, England. His purpose in writing the book is to pro­ mote a better understanding of the principles, limitations, and possibilities of the electron microscope among de­ signers, producers, and users of the in­ strument. For designers and producers the author proposes that a better un­ derstanding will lead to improvements in design and decreased costs. For practical microscopists, industrial ad­ ministrators, and researchers in uni­ versities a better understanding will improve performance of the instru­ ment. His parallel aim is to explain matters in the simplest, yet fullest manner. To do this in a relatively small book he has selected certain topics to discuss and has dropped others with references to the literature. The author's examples are gathered chiefly from his work and that of his close associates in the development of the Vickers electron microscopes. The considerations of design in Chapter VIII, the heart of the book, are con­ fined to the Vickers. The author as­ sumes that comparable features are incorporated in instruments made in many parts of the world and that rel­ evant information may be found in the appropriate literature. Diagrams, pic­ tures, and tables of performance-data are very clear. The directions for alignment of the column of principal parts are outstanding. Chapter V, on factors limiting performance together with the test procedures, is both fun­ damental and practical. While the theoretical physicist and lens designer will revel in the first three chapters, the practical microscopist may need some extra inspiration to wade through them to get to Chapters IV on image contrast, VI on the elec­ tron gun, VII on the image and the other two sterling chapters. Perhaps some pictures and diagrams of the com­ plete microscope would help early in the book. Chapter IX on modifications or instruments related to the main electron-transmission microscope is a very brief review of some ten pages. The final chapter, written in collabora­

tion with V. E. Cosslett of the Caven­ dish Laboratory at Cambridge Uni­ versity, is on certain methods of pre­ paring microscopical specimens of some materials. It classifies types of micro­ scopic structures as particles, surfaces, homogeneous bulks, and heterogeneous bulk. It features the Bradley technique for preparing carbon .support films and replicas, but glosses over microtomy and ignores fracturing as a method. The book is very well written and practically free of mistakes. It features the British points of view with regard to make of instrument and practical applications. It is of primary impor­ tance to the British and of contempor­ ary importance to microscopical scien­ tists throughout the world. Gas Chromatography. Ernst Bayer. Elsevier Monographs, Chemistry Sec­ tion, xii + 24Ο pages. Elsevier Pub­ lishing Co., Distributed by D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 120 Alexander St., Princeton, N. J. 1961. $5-00. Reviewed by Warren W. Brandt, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas. This book should achieve consider­ able success with the practicing gas chromatographer. It couples a short introduction to the theory with a good deal of useful practical information. As such it is an excellent handbook for the person who is just entering the field or who has been using gas chroma­ tography but wants a relatively simple, ordered guide to understanding it and expanding its utility. The book is basically a translation of the 1958 German edition, but consider­ able new information has been added in areas such as capillary columns, ionization detectors, and preparative scale operation. Coverage is extended into work published in 1959. The bib­ liography has been expanded almost 50%. The first third of the book covers the theory of gas chromatography, a good discussion of columns, and a consideration of various aspects of operation such as carrier gas, sample introduction, and temperature control. The theory includes the basic ideas necessary for an elementary under­ standing of the gas chromatographic process. The consideration of columns is practical, including .directions for many necessary operations. Selectiv­ ity coefficients are stressed as a means of determining the most advantageous liquid phase. Tables of values for

BOOKS many separations are included. Capil­ lary columns are covered briefly, in­ cluding directions for coating. The consideration of the remainder of the apparatus is useful and informative. The large section (50% of the book) on practical applications considers the problems of quantitative and qualita­ tive analysis before covering a large number of practical problems in the separation of various types of com­ pounds. The determination of molecu­ lar weight, preparative scale operation, and process control problems are in­ cluded. The remainder of the text considers several types of detectors in a fair amount of detail including some early data on ionization type detectors. The appendix contains extensive tables of relative retention volumes and selectivity coefficients for a large number of compounds of various types on a wide variety of columns. This collection should be of considerable value to the practicing chromatog­ rapher. There are 420 references and an ample subject index. The book suffers, as most any book on gas chromatography, from being somewhat out of date in certain areas. This is not of serious consequence in a practical handbook such as this. The expert in the field may take exception to some of the simplifying generaliza­ tions, but this is not a drawback in meeting the needs for which the book is designed. Some examples of equip­ ment and materials give evidence of the European influence. The convenient pocket-size, flexible covered style is advantageous. The typography is well done. Few errors were noted. The book fills a very definite need in the field and will be of value to most any practicing gas chromatographer and particularly to someone new at the technique.

The Identification of Organic Com­ pounds. Second English Ed. Stig Veibel. xvi + Jfl6 pages. G. E. C. Gad, publisher, Copenhagen, Den­ mark. I960. D. kr. Jt8.-. Reviewed by James S. Fritz, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. This has been used successfully as a textbook in Europe for many years. It is now in its 5th edition. The first three editions were in Danish ; the fourth and fifth editions are in English. Although the system for identification of organic VOL. 33, NO. 11, OCTOBER 1961

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Transactions of the Symposium on Electrode Processes. Ernest Yeager, editor. 374 pages. John Wiley ά Sons, Inc., 440 Park Ave., South, New York 16, Ν. Υ. 1961. $20.

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compounds is essentially the same as in earlier editions, the latest edition pre­ sents many new methods for detecting and estimating functional groups. Many less effective older tests have been dropped. The system of identification is some­ what different from what most U. S. students are used to. Veibel makes comparatively little use of solubility classification or spectra. Also there is somewhat less emphasis on preparing derivatives and determining their melt­ ing points. The system used by Veibel relies more on qualitative classification tests and on simple quantitative deter­ minations. One of the excellent fea­ tures of the book is the detailed outline of functional groups and the large num­ ber of qualitative tests for different groupings. Another feature of the book is the extensive use of quantitative determi­ nations to aid in the identification of an unknown. Quantitative determi­ nation of one or more functional groups is carried out directly on the purified unknown sample. This gives the mo­ lecular or equivalent weight quite ac­ curately and may provide information as to the ratio of different functional groups present. In some cases a quan­ titative determination (frequently a rapid, nonaqueous, acid-base titration) is carried out on a derivative. Knowl­ edge of both the melting point and the molecular weight of the derivative is a powerful tool in identification. It is unfortunate that U. S. organic qualita­ tive texts largely ignore simple quanti­ tative determinations as an aid to identification of organic compounds. From a student's point of view, it would have been helpful to have more discussion on the general approach and on the thinking and logic to be used in identifying the unknown. The book gives no illustrative problems. Melt­ ing points and other physical data must be looked up elsewhere. The analysis of mixtures is not considered to any extent. Infrared and UV spec­ tra are very useful in identification work, yet this subject is barely touched upon. Despite these limitations, this is a book that anyone who must identify organic compounds would do well to keep within close reach.

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In May 1959 the Electrochemical So­ ciety, Inc., in collaboration with the Office of Scientific Research of the

NEW BOOKS

United States Air Force, sponsored an important conference in Philadelphia attended by a number of prominent electrochemists from ten countries, including England, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union. Papers presented in this collection cover virtually all phases of fundamental investigations of electrode processes. Emphasis, nevertheless, has been placed on new research developments and, more specifically, on hydrogen discharge kinetics, electrodeposition and dissolution of metals, the electrical double layer, adsorption phenomena, and the kinetics of fast electrode processes. Methods for Emission Spectrochemical Analysis, E-2. 3rd edition, xvi + 688 pages. American Society for Testing Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia 3, Pa. $11.00. The 3rd edition of "Methods for Emission Spectrochemical Analysis, E-2," contains 119 standards, tentative standards, and proposed and suggested methods. This compares to 90 methods published in the 1957 edition. ASTM's objective is to present pertinent information for each method, permitting its application in various laboratories and with different types of equipment. The scope, limitations, precision, and accuracy of the methods have been recorded to the extent of data available in order that methods can better be compared with other analytical methods. This compilation contains all the spectrochemical practices and methods published by ASTM. Also included are excerpts from ASTM methods or practices of direct interest to people making use of emission spectroscopy.

U. S. Government Publications The following can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Measurement of Absorbed Dose of Neutrons and Gamma Rays (Recommendations of the National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurements). National Bureau of Standards Handbook 75. 1961. 86 pages. 35 cents.

Neutron sources such as nuclear reactors, accelerators, and "radioactive" neutron sources are increasingly a part oi modern technology. Neutrons are a special radiation hazard because of ( l i

WILEY

BOOKS

Rolsten: METAL IODIDES A N D IODIDE METALS

Theoretical, practical aspects of producing metals and alloys of high purity. Design and operation of the iodide cell; preparation, properties of metal iodides. 1961. Approx. 496 pages. Prob. $17.50. Khorana: SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS I N THE CHEMISTRY PHOSPHATE ESTERS OF BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE

OF

Surveys advances in intermediary metabolism and pathways of biosynthesis. 1961. 141 pages. $5-25 Elderfield (Ed.): HETEROCYCLIC C O M P O U N D S , Volume VII

Covers polycyclic compounds containing two hetero atoms in different rings, and compounds w i t h three hetero atoms. 1961. 878 pages. $37.50 Parratf: PROBABILITY A N D EXPERIMENTAL ERRORS IN SCIENCE

Measurements and general statistical concepts, covering maximum likelihood, rules for propagation of errors, curve fitting, consistency tests, analysis of variance, and several others. 1961. 255 pages. $7.25 Yeager (Ed.): TRANSACTIONS OF THE SYMPOSIUM O N ELECTRODE PROCESSES

The first time in recent years that the work of so many internationally famous electrochemists has been presented in one book. 1961. 374 pages. $20.00 Payne: O R G A N I C C O A T I N G TECHNOLOGY, V o l . II

Pigments and Pigmented Coatings. Color and its measurement discussed in relation to hiding power of pigments and to their physical-chemical characteristics. 1961. 1363 pages. $1750 Meister (Ed.): BIOCHEMICAL PREPARATIONS, Volume 8

About 2 5 % larger than earlier volumes, reflecting the accelerated g r o w t h of biochemistry and the need for a wider variety of reliable preparative methods. 1961. 146 pages. $6.25 N e w m a n (Ed.): O R G A N I C SYNTHESES, Volume 4 0

Includes 33 new syntheses by 55 contributors. Each synthesis has been checked independently in the laboratory of one of the editors. 1960. 114 pages. $4.00 Orgel: A N INTRODUCTION TO TRANSITION-METAL CHEMISTRY

"Just occasionally there comes a book which says just the right thing, in the right way, at the right time. This is such a book . . . " —C. A. Coulson, in the N e w Scientist. 1960. 180 pages. $4-50 Coates: ORGANO-METALLIC

COMPOUNDS

Includes the alkali metals—groups 1-4, antimony, bismuth, and the transition elements. 1961. 366 pages. $7.50 Brugel: A N INTRODUCTION TO INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY

Translated by A. R. and A. J. D. Katritzky. Aimed principally at those wishing to apply this technique to their problems for the first time. 1961. 406 pages. Prob. $9.00 Send n o w for your on-approval copies J O H N WILEY & SONS, Inc. 4 4 0 Park A v e n u e South, N e w York 16, N.Y. Circle No. 120 on Readers' Service Carl! VOL, 33, NO. 11, OCTOBER 1961

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their great penetration through matter and (2) their biological effects. The handbook summarizes currently available methods for determining energy absorption in matter as a result of its interaction with neutrons. Since neutrons are almost invariably accompanied by gamma radiation, mixtures of gamma radiation and neutrons are included. Such a measurement endeavor is referred to as mixed radiation dosimetry, although the term "absorbed dose" is reserved to refer to only one of the quantities of interest, namely the specific absorbed energy in specified medium (e.g., ergs per gram of water). Only the physical aspects of the interaction of radiation with matter are discussed. Methods for the measurement of energy absorption in matter include calorimetry, Bragg-Gray cavity ionization chambers and counters, photographic emulsions, liquid chemical systems, dosimetry through neutron spectrum measurements, and special counting methods. Included also are tables comparing specific devices for various kinds of measurements. Tables and graphs of first collision dose for photons and neutrons are given.

Research Highlights of the National Bureau of Standards, Annual Report 1960. NBS Misc. Pub. 287, 1S9 pages. 65 cents.

"Research Highlights" presents in compact, digest form an illustrated account of National Bureau of Standards research and measurement activities in fiscal year 1960. Approximately 225 programs in 18 different fields of research and development are described. Noteworthy accomplishments reported include determination of an improved value for the faraday, determination of a new value of the atomic weight of silver, placing in operation of improved atomic frequency standards, properties of electromagnetic radiation, and of particles and their interactions, and length of the international standard meter bar. Additional features of "Research Highlights" include a complete list of NBS publications and patents for fiscal 1960; a description of the calibration, testing, and standard sample services to science, industry, and government : a resume of the NBS cooperative research programs with industry and of its cooperation with Federal, State, and local governments, professional societies and standardizing bodies, and many international groups to solve problems relating to measurement standards and techniques.